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aria-label="icon: down" class="anticon anticon-down"><svg viewBox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" data-icon="down" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M884 256h-75c-5.1 0-9.9 2.5-12.9 6.6L512 654.2 227.9 262.6c-3-4.1-7.8-6.6-12.9-6.6h-75c-6.5 0-10.3 7.4-6.5 12.7l352.6 486.1c12.8 17.6 39 17.6 51.7 0l352.6-486.1c3.9-5.3.1-12.7-6.4-12.7z"></path></svg></i></span></p> <!----></section></li></ul></aside> <main class="page"> <div class="theme-antdocs-content content__default"><h1 id="linux三剑客">Linux三剑客 <a href="#linux三剑客" class="header-anchor">#</a></h1> <h1 id="文本分析awk">文本分析AWK <a href="#文本分析awk" class="header-anchor">#</a></h1> <blockquote><p><code>awk</code>是一种编程语言，用于在<code>linux/unix</code>下对文本和数据进行处理 ；</p> <p>数据可以来自标准输入(stdin)、一个或多个文件，或其它命令的输出；</p> <p>它支持用户自定义函数和动态正则表达式；</p> <p>awk有很多内建的功能，比如数组、函数等，这是它和C语言的相同之处，灵活性是awk最大的优势</p></blockquote> <h4 id="基本语法">基本语法： <a href="#基本语法" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">awk</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token string">'Pattern{Action}'</span> filename
<span class="token builtin class-name">command</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>选项 参数<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token string">'模式{动作}'</span>   文件
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h4 id="常用命令选项">常用命令选项： <a href="#常用命令选项" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>-F fs	<span class="token comment">#fs指定命令分隔符，如 -F:  如果没有指定分割符，默认使用空格作为分隔符（或使用-v FS,FS是内置变量）</span>
-v <span class="token assign-left variable">var</span><span class="token operator">=</span>value	<span class="token comment">#赋值一个用户定义变量，将外部变量传递给awk，比如使用-v OFS=&quot;+&quot;,指定输出分隔符</span>
-f script		<span class="token comment">#从脚本文件中读取awk命令</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><h4 id="最简单的用法-只用action">最简单的用法：只用action <a href="#最简单的用法-只用action" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token builtin class-name">echo</span> <span class="token string">&quot;hello world&quot;</span> <span class="token operator">&gt;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span>
$ <span class="token function">awk</span> <span class="token string">'{print}'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span>
hello world
$ <span class="token function">awk</span> <span class="token string">'{print <span class="token variable">$0</span>}'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span>		<span class="token comment">#$0表示所有域(默认用空格当作分隔符)</span>
hello world
$ <span class="token function">awk</span> <span class="token string">'{print <span class="token variable">$1</span>}'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span>		<span class="token comment">#$1表示第一个域,两个域用逗号隔开$1,$2，去掉逗号或换为空格输出时会没有分隔符显示在一列</span>
hello
<span class="token comment">##############################</span>
<span class="token function">df</span> -h <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token function">awk</span> <span class="token string">'{print <span class="token variable">$5</span>}'</span>	<span class="token comment">#df显示磁盘使用情况，这里使用awk只打印每行的第五列，$NF可以只输出每行的最后一列</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br></div></div><h4 id="特殊模式的用法">特殊模式的用法： <a href="#特殊模式的用法" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <blockquote><p>BEGIN 模式指定了处理文本之前需要执行的操作：（BEGIN开始）；不指定文件也能输出（但是后边指定操作也会卡住）</p> <p>END 模式指定了处理完所有行之后所需要执行的操作：（END结束）；不指定文件会卡住</p></blockquote> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token function">awk</span> <span class="token string">'BEGIN{print &quot;wintrysec&quot;} {print <span class="token variable">$0</span>} END{print &quot;1080&quot;}'</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">test</span>
wintrysec
hello world
<span class="token number">1080</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><h4 id="awk变量">AWK变量： <a href="#awk变量" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <p><strong>常用内置变量：</strong></p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>FS		<span class="token comment">#输入字段分隔符， 默认为空白字符</span>
OFS		<span class="token comment">#输出字段分隔符， 默认为空白字符</span>
RS		<span class="token comment">#输入记录分隔符(默认输入是换行符)， 指定输入时的换行符</span>
ORS		<span class="token comment">#输出记录分隔符（输出换行符），输出时用指定符号代替换行符</span>
NF		<span class="token comment">#number of Field，当前行的字段的个数(即当前行被分割成了几列)，字段数量</span>
NR		<span class="token comment">#行号，当前处理的文本行的行号。</span>
FNR		<span class="token comment">#各文件分别计数的行号，另一个文件从1开始计行数</span>
ARGC	<span class="token comment">#命令行参数的个数</span>
ARGV	<span class="token comment">#数组，保存的是命令行所给定的各参数，AGRV[0]是awk</span>
FILENAME<span class="token comment">#当前文件名</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br></div></div><p><strong>自定义变量的两种用法：</strong></p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>$ <span class="token function">awk</span> -v <span class="token assign-left variable">name</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">&quot;wintrysec&quot;</span>,age<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">19</span> <span class="token string">'BEGIN{print name}'</span>	<span class="token comment">#第一种方法用-v选项，多个参数用逗号分隔   不加BENGIN会卡住</span>
wintrysec
$ <span class="token function">awk</span> <span class="token string">'BEGIN{name=&quot;wintrysec&quot;;age=18;print name,age}'</span>	<span class="token comment">#第二种方法，直接在程序中定义，多个参数用分号分隔 </span>
wintrysec <span class="token number">18</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br></div></div><h1 id="文本批量处理sed">文本批量处理sed <a href="#文本批量处理sed" class="header-anchor">#</a></h1> <blockquote><p>主要用来自动编辑一个或多个文件；简化对文件的反复操作；</p></blockquote> <h4 id="命令格式">命令格式： <a href="#命令格式" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token string">'command'</span> file<span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>options<span class="token punctuation">]</span> -f scriptfile file<span class="token punctuation">(</span>s<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br></div></div><h4 id="常用选项">常用选项： <a href="#常用选项" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>-e<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>script<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>			<span class="token comment">#以选项中的指定的script来处理输入的文本文件；</span>
-f<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>script文件<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>	 <span class="token comment">#以选项中指定的script文件来处理输入的文本文件；</span>
-n					<span class="token comment">#仅显示script处理后的结果；</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><h4 id="替换标记">替换标记： <a href="#替换标记" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>g	<span class="token comment">#表示行内全面替换；即替换每一行中的所有匹配</span>
p	<span class="token comment">#表示打印行。  </span>
w	<span class="token comment">#表示把行写入一个文件。  </span>
x	<span class="token comment">#表示互换模板块中的文本和缓冲区中的文本。  </span>
y	<span class="token comment">#表示把一个字符翻译为另外的字符（但是不用于正则表达式）</span>
<span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token number">1</span>	<span class="token comment">#子串匹配标记</span>
<span class="token operator">&amp;</span>	<span class="token comment">#已匹配字符串标记</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br></div></div><h4 id="常用命令">常用命令： <a href="#常用命令" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <blockquote><p>d 	删除，删除选择的行。
s 	替换指定字符
p 	打印模板块的行。
P	(大写) 打印模板块的第一行。</p></blockquote> <h4 id="常见用法">常见用法： <a href="#常见用法" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <p><strong>替换文本中的字符串 (如linux日志处理，伪造IP)</strong></p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">sed</span> -i <span class="token string">'s/192.168.1.3/192.168.1.4/g'</span> xxx.log	<span class="token comment">#-i选项表示直接编辑文件</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><strong>定界符：</strong></p> <p>以上命令中字符 / 在sed中作为定界符使用，也可以使用任意的定界符：</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s|test|TEXT|g'</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p>定界符出现在样式内部时，需要进行转义：</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'s/\/bin/\/usr\/local\/bin/g'</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><p><strong>删除操作(d命令)：</strong></p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/^$/d'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>	<span class="token comment">#删除空白行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'2d'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>		<span class="token comment">#删除文件的第二行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'2,<span class="token variable">$d</span>'</span> <span class="token function">file</span>		<span class="token comment">#删除文件的第2行到末尾所有行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'<span class="token variable">$d</span>'</span> <span class="token function">file</span> 		<span class="token comment">#删除文件最后一行</span>
<span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">'/^test/'</span>d <span class="token function">file</span>	<span class="token comment">#删除文件中所有开头是test的行</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div><h4 id="常见面试题">常见面试题 <a href="#常见面试题" class="header-anchor">#</a></h4> <p>把/oldboy目录以及子目录下所有以扩展名为.sh结尾的文件包含oldboy的字符串全部替换为oldgirl</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">find</span> /oldboy -type f -name <span class="token string">&quot;*.sh&quot;</span><span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token function">xargs</span> <span class="token function">sed</span> <span class="token string">&quot;s#oldboy#oldgirl#g&quot;</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h1 id="grep文本正则匹配">grep文本正则匹配 <a href="#grep文本正则匹配" class="header-anchor">#</a></h1> <p><strong>常见用法：</strong></p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> file_name		<span class="token comment">#返回一个包含text的文本行</span>
<span class="token function">grep</span> <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> file1 file2		<span class="token comment">#在多个文件中查找</span>
<span class="token function">grep</span> -v <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> file_name	<span class="token comment">#-v选项，输出排除text之外的所有行</span>
<span class="token function">grep</span> -E <span class="token string">&quot;[1-9]+&quot;</span>			<span class="token comment">#-e选项，使用正则表达式</span>
<span class="token function">grep</span> -c <span class="token string">&quot;text&quot;</span> file_name	<span class="token comment">#统计文件中匹配字符串的行数</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br></div></div></div> <footer class="page-edit"><!----> <div class="last-updated"><span class="prefix">上次更新:</span> <span class="time">12/18/2021, 12:46:42 PM</span></div></footer> <div class="page-nav"><p class="inner"><span class="prev"><a href="/knowledge/base/linux-cmd.html" class="prev"><i aria-label="icon: left" class="anticon anticon-left"><svg viewBox="64 64 896 896" focusable="false" data-icon="left" width="1em" height="1em" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M724 218.3V141c0-6.7-7.7-10.4-12.9-6.3L260.3 486.8a31.86 31.86 0 0 0 0 50.3l450.8 352.1c5.3 4.1 12.9.4 12.9-6.3v-77.3c0-4.9-2.3-9.6-6.1-12.6l-360-281 360-281.1c3.8-3 6.1-7.7 6.1-12.6z"></path></svg></i>
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